I'll address each portion of your question individually:
- A Shakespearean sonnet is written in iambic pentameter, a type of meter. "Iambe" is a foot, or a unit of measurement in language, that contains two syllables. "Pentameter" is a unit of measurement for lines in poetry that means "five", measuring the number of feet in a line. Therefore, a line of Shakespearean sonnet has five iambes, or a total of 10 syllables.
- The rhyme scheme of a Shakespearean sonnet is split across the four different stanzas in the sonnet. It reads as such: ABAB/CDCD/EFEF/GG
- It seems that you may be working with a collection of sonnets, so answering this question for you would be redundant. What I can do is this: define each literary device and attach several links where you can find more examples, if need be.
Alliteration: the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of several words appearing in close proximity to one another (Peter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers)
Consonance: the repetition of consonant sounds within words appearing in close proximity to one another (all mammals named Pam are clammy)
Euphony: words or phrases that are distinguished as having particularly soothing or beautiful sounds, usually with repeated vowels and smooth consonants (Seasons of mists and mellow fruitfulness)
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