I really like the cartoon comic that is attached to this question. As I don't know which cartoon characters you are familiar with, I will propose a method by which you can tackle this analogy. You first need to think about what each of the organelles do and their role in the cell. Then, think about how those roles are related. For example, the nucleus contains all of the instructions for the cell to do its job. Now think of how this can apply to a cartoon. I'm thinking of Peanuts cartoons and how Lucy is very bossy toward the other characters. She often tells the other characters what to do, so I might consider her as being the nucleus.
The mitochondria makes the energy for the cell, and in my opinion Peppermint Patty seems to be the energetic member of the Peanuts crew, so I might consider her to be the mitochondria. You can continue on this way by first making a list of the organelles and their roles, and then applying them to the cartoon of your choosing. Some organelles will be more difficult, but I'm sure if you use your creativity you will impress your teacher. I can help with a simplified description of the roles of the organelles: (I will address the organelles you listed in the order you listed them)
Cell Membrane: Controls what goes in and out of the cell
Nucleus: Contains the DNA, which is the instructions for the cell to do whatever it needs to do
Nucleolus: Makes ribosomes (located inside the nucleus)
Nuclear membrane: Controls what goes in and out of the nucleus. In general, keeps the DNA in and lets mRNA leave through pores
Mitochondria: Makes energy for the cell in the form of ATP by breaking down glucose
Golgi apparatus: Packages proteins the cell makes, packages them into vesicles, and marks them for where they need to go (very much like the post office)
Endoplasmic reticulum: A wide variety of jobs. Involved in producing proteins that will be exported from the cell, producing lipids, and detoxifying the cell.
Ribosome: Produce proteins
Vacuole: Membrane-bound storage for the cell. Can store water and/or sugars.
Lysosome: Uses enzymes to break down and digest anything the cell needs to be broken down including old proteins and organelles, molecules the cell takes in, dying cells, etc.
Centrioles: Assist in the formation and organization of spindle fibers during mitosis.
Cytoplasm: The fluid inside the cells that all of the organelles are contained inside.
Chromatin/Chromosomes: The DNA molecules that contains all of the instructions for the cell to create proteins.
Again, since I don't know which cartoon characters you are familiar with, I can't directly answer your question, but hopefully I've given you a method that you can use to get you started.
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