What is the first conflict that Rainsford must face?

The very first conflict that Rainsford experiences happens before he even meets Zaroff and lands on Ship-Trap island.  On his yacht, Rainsford is reflectively smoking his pipe when he hears gunshots coming from the island obscured by a fog.   Rainsford drops his pipe and while grabbing for it, falls into the ocean. From there, he must swim to the island in the treacherous ocean, conserving his energy in order to make it. So, the...

The very first conflict that Rainsford experiences happens before he even meets Zaroff and lands on Ship-Trap island.  On his yacht, Rainsford is reflectively smoking his pipe when he hears gunshots coming from the island obscured by a fog.   Rainsford drops his pipe and while grabbing for it, falls into the ocean. From there, he must swim to the island in the treacherous ocean, conserving his energy in order to make it. So, the very first conflict Rainsford has is with nature and trying to survive the ocean. 

After that, the main conflict in the story is against Zaroff as Rainsford is hunted.  Rainsford fights for his life (like the big game he has hunted all his life) against Zaroff until the end when he kills Zaroff and takes over the island as the new winner of the “most dangerous game.” 

What are the conditions of the country at the time?

Conditions in Ireland in 1729 are incredibly bad for the Irish.  For many years, wealthy English had been purchasing land in Ireland so that, by the time "A Modest Proposal" is published, 90% of the land in Ireland is owned by the English.  These landowners raised rents in order to make more money, rendering it nearly impossible for the Irish tenant farmers to pay their rents and feed and clothe their families (which were typically...

Conditions in Ireland in 1729 are incredibly bad for the Irish.  For many years, wealthy English had been purchasing land in Ireland so that, by the time "A Modest Proposal" is published, 90% of the land in Ireland is owned by the English.  These landowners raised rents in order to make more money, rendering it nearly impossible for the Irish tenant farmers to pay their rents and feed and clothe their families (which were typically large).  This meant that some people had to abandon the land their families had worked for generations and others had to choose whether to pay rent or feed their children.  The number of beggars in the streets increased.  Crime went up.  It seemed that, as the English got fatter and fatter on their wealth, the Irish got thinner and thinner while they starved; one group seemed to be "eating up" the other, and so Swift capitalizes on this figurative idea, making it literal in his satire.

What are the settings in Walk Two Moons?

There are three distinct settings in Walk Two Moons. The first setting is the route of the road trip Sal goes on with her grandparents from Euclid, Ohio to Coeur d’Alene, Idaho. She tells them the story of her experiences as they go to Idaho so Sal (as she tells herself) can reach her mother before her birthday and bring her home. At each stop, Sal’s adventures with her beloved grandparents give insight into...

There are three distinct settings in Walk Two Moons. The first setting is the route of the road trip Sal goes on with her grandparents from Euclid, Ohio to Coeur d’Alene, Idaho. She tells them the story of her experiences as they go to Idaho so Sal (as she tells herself) can reach her mother before her birthday and bring her home. At each stop, Sal’s adventures with her beloved grandparents give insight into Sal’s family. The other settings are within the story that Sal tells. Bybanks, Kentucky is where Sal lived with her mother and father before her mother left. Sal considers this place her real home. It is a rural setting, with many trees and open spaces. This is where Sal is at peace. At the time of the novel, however, Sal and her father have moved to the small town of Euclid, where her father finds a job so he can be near Margaret Cadaver. In Euclid, Sal goes to school and makes friends, but Euclid is not where she wants to be. These three settings work together to reveal the different aspects of Sal’s life, as well as the pieces she must put together after her mother left.

How does reading about these three different kinds of owners, one after the other, affect your response to each owner?

Francois and Perrault value Buck for his strength and eventually come to hold him in high esteem because of his amazing ability to lead the team and do their work for them. They lack any significant personal attachment to him, however, as they see all their dogs as tools that they must take care of in order to do the work they've chosen. They know to take care of them and feed them and rest...

Francois and Perrault value Buck for his strength and eventually come to hold him in high esteem because of his amazing ability to lead the team and do their work for them. They lack any significant personal attachment to him, however, as they see all their dogs as tools that they must take care of in order to do the work they've chosen. They know to take care of them and feed them and rest them when needed.

When Buck falls into the clutches of Hal and Charles, they have no idea of how to take care of the dogs and expect them to have limitless strength. They drive the dogs until they can no longer stand. This exposure to human stupidity and pride perhaps starts Buck down the road to being totally wild and free from the vagaries of human ownership.

The juxtaposition of Hal and Charles' treatment of Buck with the way that John Thornton treats him serves to highlight the incredible love and devotion that John gives Buck. Buck returns this affection even when he is torn between the world of the wolves and the comfort and care he feels from John. That same contrast makes it easy for the reader to sympathize with Buck when he finds that John has been murdered and he turns on the murderers.

Why is Jonas surprised when he goes into the Annex for the first time in The Giver?

Jonas is surprised because the Annex has books and the speaker has an off switch.

When Jonas is selected to be the new Receiver of Memory, he has no idea what to expect at first. He barely knows who the current Receiver is, and knows almost nothing about the position itself. He is definitely not expecting the assignment.

The Receiver of Memory does not live with the other citizens of the community. Family units live...

Jonas is surprised because the Annex has books and the speaker has an off switch.

When Jonas is selected to be the new Receiver of Memory, he has no idea what to expect at first. He barely knows who the current Receiver is, and knows almost nothing about the position itself. He is definitely not expecting the assignment.

The Receiver of Memory does not live with the other citizens of the community. Family units live in their own dwellings and there are separate living quarters for childless adults.  The Receiver has a special quarters behind the House of the Old, where the elderly live.

The Annex was very ordinary, its door unremarkable. He reached for the heavy handle, then noticed a buzzer on the wall. So he buzzed instead. (Ch. 10)

There is a small lobby with an attendant, who treats Jonas very respectfully. There are locks on the door, which is very unusual in the community. The attendant explains that they are to ensure the Receiver’s privacy by making sure no one will accidentally walk in on him.

The dwelling is a little more luxurious than Jonas’s, and obviously more secure. There are two very significant unusual things about the Annex. One is that it has books, when books are almost nonexistent in the community except for rule books and instruction books. The Receiver of Memory has many books, however.

The other unusual thing about the Receiver’s Annex is the speaker.

It was the same sort of speaker that occupied a place in every dwelling, but one thing about it was different. This one had a switch, which the man deftly snapped to the end that said OFF. (Ch. 10)

The speaker is used to spy on every citizen in the community. It communicates both ways. When citizens need something they ask for it there, and the speaker can comment on things citizens do. Sometimes announcements are made to the entire community that are really directed at one person. To turn the speaker off is an enormous power.  The Receiver is the only one who has privacy.

In what chapter of The Giver is the Giver's spouse described?

Spouses are assigned to most adults, but in Chapter 13 we learn that the Giver’s now lives with the childless adults.

In Jonas’s community, families are created very differently.  The community has embraced Sameness wholeheartedly, which means that there are strict rules for everything and almost all decisions are made for the citizens of the community. The family unit is created when two spouses are matched, and then children are added one at a time from the fifty born each year through genetic engineering.

Not everyone in the community has a spouse. Jonas comments that some people are segregated from normal community functions.

Most of the people on the night crew had not even been given spouses because they lacked, somehow, the essential capacity to connect to others, which was required for the creation of a family unit. (Ch. 1)

The family unit is basically designed for the raising of children. This is why there are only two children, a boy and a girl, and the spouses are matched based on compatible personalities.

Even the Matching of Spouses was given such weighty consideration that sometimes an adult who applied to receive a spouse waited months or even years before a Match was approved and announced. All of the factors—disposition, energy level, intelligence, and interests—had to correspond and to interact perfectly. (Ch. 6)

The idea is to maintain a stable community by having stable family units. As soon as the children are grown, the family unit disbands. The children go their way, and the parents go theirs. They have basically no contact after that. Adults with no children live with the Childless Adults until they become old enough to enter the House of the Old, and then they are eventually released.

After Jonas begins his training, the Giver explains to him that having a spouse when you are the Receiver of Memory is a little difficult. He had a spouse, but since their children are grown (well, one is presumably grown, but the other is dead), she lives with the Childless Adults and he has his own special dwelling.

"You'll be able to apply for a spouse, Jonas, if you want to. I'll warn you, though, that it will be difficult. Your living arrangements will have to be different from those of most family units, because the books are forbidden to citizens. You and I are the only ones with access to the books." (Ch. 13)

The Giver explains that there are many aspects of the Receiver’s life that a spouse cannot take part in or understand. Being forbidden to access books is just one part of it. The Receiver knows everything about the history of the community, while all other citizens just assume that things have always been as they are. Memories allow a person to have emotions and feelings, which no one else in the community has.

There is a reason the Giver doesn’t think Jonas should have a family unit. The Giver’s family allowed him to have a daughter who had the same gift he did. Rosemary was selected to be trained as the next Receiver of Memory and the Giver found it difficult to train her properly because he did not want to transmit pain to her. Rosemary’s training resulted in her death, because she was so horrified by what she saw and what she learned about her community that she requested release.

`ln1, ln2, ln3, ln4, ln5` Determine whether the sequence is arithmetic. If so, find the common difference.

No, this sequence `a_n=ln(n)` is not an arithmetic one because the difference between the adjacent terms is not a constant. For example,

`a_2-a_1=ln2-ln1=ln2`

but

`a_3-a_2=ln3-ln2=ln(3/2)!=ln(2).`

No, this sequence `a_n=ln(n)` is not an arithmetic one because the difference between the adjacent terms is not a constant. For example,

`a_2-a_1=ln2-ln1=ln2`

but

`a_3-a_2=ln3-ln2=ln(3/2)!=ln(2).`

How does Wordsworth's imagery or tone in "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" help convey his message about nature and its effects on humans?

By identifying himself with the image of a cloud--"I wandered lonely as a cloud"-- the poet emphasizes his oneness with nature. He pictures himself as part of the natural world, not separate from it. He drifts in harmony with the elements. As he floats cloudlike, he almost immediately meets a host of golden daffodils and experiences joy. He has been lonely; they are a happy crowd that eases his feeling of solitude. "Ten thousand I...

By identifying himself with the image of a cloud--"I wandered lonely as a cloud"-- the poet emphasizes his oneness with nature. He pictures himself as part of the natural world, not separate from it. He drifts in harmony with the elements. As he floats cloudlike, he almost immediately meets a host of golden daffodils and experiences joy. He has been lonely; they are a happy crowd that eases his feeling of solitude. "Ten thousand I saw in a glance," says the poet. And as if they are people, they seem, as they blow in the wind, to be doing a "sprightly dance."

Wordsworth the "cloud" feels close to the daffodils: As they wave in the breeze, more lively than the waves dancing on the nearby lake, the poet cannot help but feel "gay/In such a jocund [laughing] company." The image of the dancing daffodils fills him with joy.

Wordsworth's tone of joy at seeing the daffodils expresses his delight in the natural world. In the last stanza, however, the spell is somewhat broken. Wordsworth no longer directly feels the joyous oneness with nature that he experienced when he was actually in the company of the daffodils. Lying at different times in a "vacant" or "pensive" [thoughtful] mood inside his home on his sofa, he does, however, have his memory, what he calls his "inward eye." This memory of the daffodils fills him with "bliss" and "pleasure." He can in tranquillity recall the emotion he once felt. Overall his tone is joyful and the images lovely because nature is healing and good. 

What does Holden think about himself in Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye?

Holden Caulfield is a 16-17 year-old boy who attends college preparatory schools. (Schools is plural because he's been kicked out of three of them.)He's also been through a lot in his young life, such as losing his little brother Allie to leukemia, and he's not functioning very well because of it. In an effort to cope with life, Holden lies:

"I'm the most terrific liar you ever saw in your life. It's awful. If I'm on...

Holden Caulfield is a 16-17 year-old boy who attends college preparatory schools. (Schools is plural because he's been kicked out of three of them.)He's also been through a lot in his young life, such as losing his little brother Allie to leukemia, and he's not functioning very well because of it. In an effort to cope with life, Holden lies:

"I'm the most terrific liar you ever saw in your life. It's awful. If I'm on my way to the store to buy a magazine, even, and somebody asks me where I'm going, I'm liable to say I'm going to the opera. It's terrible" (16).

The above passage is so ironic because Holden is also very critical of other people who he views as phonies. Usually phonies are adults, but he points out many others throughout the book as well. What's ironic, is he never figures out that he's probably one of the greatest hypocrites, too. At least he knows he's a liar, right?

How do I analyze Dickens' writing throughout the novel A Christmas Carol?

In short, a student can analyze Charles Dickens’ writing by plucking out representative examples from the text and explaining the writing style using those examples.  Often, an instructor will have a list of particular literary elements he or she wants explained.  Other times, the student is left on his or her own to figure out which elements should be discussed.  In the case of Charles Dickens, my suggestion would be to begin with Dickens’ literary...

In short, a student can analyze Charles Dickens’ writing by plucking out representative examples from the text and explaining the writing style using those examples.  Often, an instructor will have a list of particular literary elements he or she wants explained.  Other times, the student is left on his or her own to figure out which elements should be discussed.  In the case of Charles Dickens, my suggestion would be to begin with Dickens’ literary style by looking at the point of view and the setting and to continue with his usage of figurative language such as symbolism.

A Christmas Carol is written in the third person, but sometimes has a first person narrator who appears to give commentary.  This is an interesting combination of point of view and a distinct element of Dickens’ writing style.  The setting is also significant.  In general, Charles Dickens’ setting is Victorian England on Christmas Eve (and Christmas Day).  There are other smaller elements of time and place that can be indicated as well (such as the timing of the spirits and the different homes and alleys Scrooge visits on his journey with them).  In regards to symbolism, Christmas Day becomes a grand symbol in itself.  For Dickens, Christmas Day becomes a symbol of rebirth and even of redemption of character. 

By giving examples of each individual element discussed above, a student can easily analyze the writing style of Charles Dickens.

What are two types of research design?

Among the many types of research design, two that stand out prominently include descriptive research and experimental research.

Descriptive research is done without affecting, changing, or manipulating the environment or its factors. In terms of what this may look like for a research study, it may entail observing children on a playground, having shoppers complete surveys at a mall, or counting the number of times a customer asks for service in a restaurant before getting...

Among the many types of research design, two that stand out prominently include descriptive research and experimental research.

Descriptive research is done without affecting, changing, or manipulating the environment or its factors. In terms of what this may look like for a research study, it may entail observing children on a playground, having shoppers complete surveys at a mall, or counting the number of times a customer asks for service in a restaurant before getting it.

Descriptive research can also be done by looking correlations, or relationships, between two naturally existing things, or variables. For instance, a correlation may be observed between scores on school exams and numbers of hours studied per student.

Likewise, experimental research design is one in which the experimenter, or investigator, actually manipulates or alters the environment to see if a particular outcome is reached. For example, a researcher may decide to assemble two groups of asthma patients. She may designate one group to a medication she is testing to help alleviate asthma symptoms and the other group to a placebo medication (a medication with no therapeutic effect). After a certain amount of time on the medications, she will collect information, or data, to see if the experimental asthma medication affected the outcome of her patients' asthma. 

What is a quote from The Book Thief that describes the setting?

Liesel is sent to live with foster parents because her mother cannot afford to keep her. Her mother is also very sick and couldn't afford to take care of herself. Like many during those hard times in Europe, they found foster parents to take in their kids until they could get back on their feet. Both Liesel and her brother were to go to the new foster parents, but her brother died on the train...

Liesel is sent to live with foster parents because her mother cannot afford to keep her. Her mother is also very sick and couldn't afford to take care of herself. Like many during those hard times in Europe, they found foster parents to take in their kids until they could get back on their feet. Both Liesel and her brother were to go to the new foster parents, but her brother died on the train ride there. Liesel soon meets Hans and Rosa Hubermann who live on Himmel Street in Molching, Germany. The description of the street where Liesel plays out a few years of her childhood is as follows:

"The buildings appear to be glued together, mostly small houses and apartment blocks that look nervous. There is murky snow spread out like carpet. There is concrete, empty hat-stand trees, and gray air" (27).

A few pages later, a more detailed description of Liesel's new home is described as a small house with only a few rooms. They were lucky to have their own kitchen, but they had to share an outhouse with a few other neighbors. They also had a basement which would become a home for Max, a Jew in hiding. The basement, however, was not the "adequate depth" for hiding during an air raid in 1942 and 1943.

What does Burris’s dad do to make money in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird?

In the third chapter of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout is very upset about her miserable first day of school. After explaining to her father what happened, she begs him to allow her to never go to school again. When he replies that she must go to school because it is the law, she attempts to argue her position by referencing the boy in her class named Burris Ewell. It is through Atticus's description of the Ewells in response to Scout's argument that we learn exactly what Burris's father, Bob Ewell, does for a living.

Scout argues that she does not have to go to school because folks like Burris Ewell only go to school for one day of the year then leave. Scout explains that Burris only goes to school one day out of the year because the "truant lady reckons she's carried out the law when she gets his name on the roll"; therefore, Scout argues she could do the same. But Atticus explains that the laws are bent for the Ewells, who choose to live more like animals; therefore, it's ridiculous to try and force the Ewells into school when they clearly have no wish to improve themselves. Scout narrates the following description of the Ewells given by her father:

[T]he Ewells had been the disgrace of Maycomb for three generations. None of them had done an honest day's work in his recollection. (Ch. 3)

Based on this description, we can easily see exactly what Bob Ewell does to make money--absolutely nothing.

In this same chapter, we also learn from Atticus that the Ewells' only source of income comes from relief checks that Ewell spends mostly on "green whiskey."

Much later, after the trial, Scout informs the reader that Bob Ewell was given a job through President Roosevelt's Works Progress Administration (WPA) but lost it "in a matter of days" (Ch. 27). She further states that "he was the only man [she] ever heard of who was fired from the WPA for laziness" (Ch. 27). Through this description, we again know that, throughout the book, Ewell does absolutely nothing to make money other than collect his relief checks.

Please provide 5 examples of literary devices used in To Kill A Mockingbird.

Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird is rich with literary language that provides beautiful imagery, profound analogies, and meaningful metaphors. Open the book to any page and one can find literary devices ranging from simple similes and extended metaphors to detailed descriptions that appeal to all of the five senses. All of these literary devices help to shape the quality and artistry of the story. The following are some example passages along with descriptions of the literary devices used therein:

"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view--until you climb into his skin and walk around in it" (30).

Not only is this passage profound advice, but it uses the sense of sight to create one getting into someone else's skin in order to gain understanding of another person. This is the use of imagery and metaphor that provides a visual of Scout climbing into Walter Cunningham's body to understand him.

"Summer was our best season: it was sleeping on the back screened porch in cots, or trying to sleep in the tree-house; summer was everything good to eat; it was a thousand colors in a parched landscape; but most of all, summer was Dill" (34).

Above are more visual images as well as the employment of the sense of touch, such as sensing the way it feels to sleep outdoors during the summer; the sense of taste by remembering good summer foods to eat; and picturing the colors of summer. This is a great description of summer using multiple images at one time.

"Atticus Finch is the same in his house as he is on the public streets" (46).

This quote is a metaphor that Miss Maudie says to compare Scout's father's behavior at home and in public. By comparing his behavior as the same at home and in public, the reader gets a sense of his good character and example for everyone in the community, not just for the kids.

"Shoot all the blue-jays you want, if you can hit 'em, but remember it's a sin to kill a mockingbird" (90).

This popular quote shows the use of metaphor as well as foreshadowing. The word "mockingbird" is used in the title to draw attention to this metaphor which is not only used in the literal sense as a rule of what not to shoot, but also as a comparison to Boo Radley, Tom Robinson, and anyone else who is powerless, yet harmless, in the community. The foreshadowing comes into play because of the parallel connection that readers can make between the vulnerability of the birds and that of Tom and Boo.

"Tim Johnson was advancing at a snail's pace, but he was not playing or sniffing foliage. . . We could see him shiver like a horse shedding flies; his jaw opened and shut; he was alist, but he was being pulled gradually toward us" (95).

Finally, this passage about the mad dog has impressive and suspenseful descriptions of the dog going down the street. It also has the simile "shiver like a horse shedding flies" which greatly adds to the visual image of the dog's condition.

What problems did the United States have remaining neutral when France and Britain went to war?

When France and Great Britain went to war in 1793 as part of the so-called War of the First Coalition, they began a more than twenty year on-again off-again war that placed the United States in a very difficult position. On the one hand, despite the recent American Revolutionary War, British trade was important to the American economy. On the other, the United States had a treaty with France, signed in 1778, when the French...

When France and Great Britain went to war in 1793 as part of the so-called War of the First Coalition, they began a more than twenty year on-again off-again war that placed the United States in a very difficult position. On the one hand, despite the recent American Revolutionary War, British trade was important to the American economy. On the other, the United States had a treaty with France, signed in 1778, when the French entered the Revolutionary War on the side of the American colonies. The course George Washington chose in 1793, one of neutrality, was the one the United States would try to pursue throughout the long conflict. But neutrality proved very difficult to maintain. A number of events threatened to drag the United States into the conflict. These included:

• the so-called Genet affair, when a French diplomat attempted to recruit Americans to join the war effort without presenting his diplomatic credentials to President Washington.


• Jay's Treaty with Great Britain, which angered the French, who responded by attacking American shipping.


• the XYZ Affair, in which the French foreign minister demanded a bribe in return for meeting with American diplomats. This, in fact, led to what has become known as a "Quasi-War" between the French and American navies.


• the persistence of British impressment of American sailors. One incident, an attack on the American ship Chesapeake by the British ship Leopard, in which several sailors were taken and the Chesapeake was fired upon, led to the enactment of an embargo on all trade by President Thomas Jefferson.


• The War of 1812, which pitted the United States against Great Britain, who simultaneously fought against Napoleon. In the end, then, the United States failed to remain neutral.

What are some characteristics of Mahatma Gandhi?

I would say that Ghandi was persistent and brave.  He was going up against a very powerful and violent British rule.  Ghandi was beaten on multiple occasions, but he never gave up on his efforts.  It was brave of him to take the stand that he did, and he was persistent in his efforts.  

I would also say that Ghandi had a forgiving spirit about him.  He saw non-violence and the idea of "turning...

I would say that Ghandi was persistent and brave.  He was going up against a very powerful and violent British rule.  Ghandi was beaten on multiple occasions, but he never gave up on his efforts.  It was brave of him to take the stand that he did, and he was persistent in his efforts.  

I would also say that Ghandi had a forgiving spirit about him.  He saw non-violence and the idea of "turning the other cheek" as a strength not a weakness.  He absolutely could have convinced people to take violent actions against India's oppressors, but he didn't.  

“The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.”

I think that a reason Ghandi was so willing to forgive is because he loved his fellow man unconditionally.  It sounds like a cliche today at times, but Ghandi preached and lived a life of love toward everyone.  

“Whenever you’re confronted with an opponent, conquer him with love.”

What is Aeneas's mission? |

Aeneas was a Trojan prince, a warrior and a hero in The Aeneid, which best captured his story and mission. After the fall of Troy, the gods asked Aeneas to flee from Troy. He was to gather some of the surviving Trojans and flee to Italy, to establish Rome, and become ancestors of the Romans. The people he escaped with were together known as the Aeneads, the only free Trojan survivors of the war and...

Aeneas was a Trojan prince, a warrior and a hero in The Aeneid, which best captured his story and mission. After the fall of Troy, the gods asked Aeneas to flee from Troy. He was to gather some of the surviving Trojans and flee to Italy, to establish Rome, and become ancestors of the Romans. The people he escaped with were together known as the Aeneads, the only free Trojan survivors of the war and followers of Aeneas. Their initial attempts at establishing a new home failed, and his father died in Sicily. The Aeneads arrived in Carthage after their ship was thrown off course by strong winds. Aeneas developed an intimate relationship with the Carthaginian queen, Dido. A marriage was later arranged between the two. The union did not last due to Aeneas’s divine duty to reach Rome. Dido committed suicide after Aeneas insisted on leaving Carthage. Aeneas and the Aeneads left to establish Rome.

In summary, Aeneas’s mission was to lead some of the surviving Trojans to Italy and establish the Roman society.

Why is Miss Maudie Atkinson a static character in To Kill a Mockingbird?

Miss Maudie is a static character because she does not change; essentially, she remains the same in her attitudes and actions throughout the narrative of To Kill a Mockingbird.

Much like Atticus, who she describes as "the same in his house as he is on the public streets," Miss Maudie is genuine. She dislikes hypocrites whether they be Miss Stephanie Crawford, Mrs. Merriweather, or the Ewells. In fact, she refuses to attend the Tom Robinson...

Miss Maudie is a static character because she does not change; essentially, she remains the same in her attitudes and actions throughout the narrative of To Kill a Mockingbird.

Much like Atticus, who she describes as "the same in his house as he is on the public streets," Miss Maudie is genuine. She dislikes hypocrites whether they be Miss Stephanie Crawford, Mrs. Merriweather, or the Ewells. In fact, she refuses to attend the Tom Robinson trial because it is a "Roman carnival" in which hypocrisy will abound.

Always kind to the children, Miss Maudie honestly answers their questions and reaffirms their faith in their father as she explains to them at times his reasoning. Scout gives Miss Maudie the highest praise a child can when she narrates in Chapter 5,

She had never told on us, had never played cat-and-mouse with us, she was not at all interested in our private lives.

Miss Maudie's loyalty to the Finch family extends to Aunt Alexandra, as well, as she whittles away Mrs. Merriweather's veneer of Christianity, exposing her for the hypocrite she really is at the Missionary Tea. Afterwards, in her characteristic kindness, she consoles Alexandra, who is worried about her brother Atticus. She tells Alexandra that despite those who malign him, the town is paying him the highest tribute they can because Atticus is trusted to do the right thing.

Like Atticus Finch, Miss Maudie is an honorable character, steadfast and true to her beliefs. She is never afraid to speak out against hypocrisy, yet she is tender and loving toward those whom she loves, defending them fiercely at times. Always consistent in her behavior and attitude, Miss Maudie is a powerful static character.

What major decisons do the characters make and why?

In Joseph Conrad's The Heart of Darkness, Kurtz, an ivory trader in the Congo (then known as the Congo Free State), makes the decision to turn the native population who live around his station into people who worship him. Marlow, the narrator, says of Kurtz, "He had the power to charm or frighten rudimentary souls into an aggravated witch-dance in his honor" (page 112 in the Barnes and Noble Classics edition). Kurtz had written...

In Joseph Conrad's The Heart of Darkness, Kurtz, an ivory trader in the Congo (then known as the Congo Free State), makes the decision to turn the native population who live around his station into people who worship him. Marlow, the narrator, says of Kurtz, "He had the power to charm or frighten rudimentary souls into an aggravated witch-dance in his honor" (page 112 in the Barnes and Noble Classics edition). Kurtz had written in an earlier paper that he thought it wise to "exterminate all the brutes!" (page 111). Kurtz makes the decision to treat the native people as objects who worship him and do his work until he dies. This is perhaps because he is mad or perhaps because he does not recognize the humanity in himself and others.

Marlow, the narrator, on the other hand, makes the decision to treat the native people as people, not as objects or slaves. He writes of the death of the helmsman of his boat, "Perhaps you will think it passing strange this regret for a savage who was no more account than a grain of sand in a black Sahara" (page 112). In other words, many Europeans, including them Marlow's audience, regard the lives of the Congolese as they would carelessly regard grains of sand. However, Marlow says of this man, "I had to look after him" (page 112). Marlow cares for this man and says that he shares a bond with him. Unlike Kurtz, Marlow makes the decision that the lives of the Congolese around him are valuable because he recognizes their humanity and his connections to them.

Nonetheless, Marlow decides to protects Kurtz's legacy after Kurtz dies. He says, "I did not betray Mr. Kurtz...it was written that I should be loyal to the nightmare of my choice" (page 132). In other words, even though Marlow knows that Kurtz and the other members of the ivory trading company have decided to treat the natives' lives with little regard, Marlow decides to keep alive the legend of Kurtz. Marlow is loyal to the memory of Kurtz, perhaps because he cannot bear to let the people who worship Kurtz down. 

I need information on women during the Westward Expansion and the struggles they went through.

There were generally two categories of women who faced struggles during Westward Expansion in the United States.  

Some women stayed behind while their husbands or other loved ones went west and they suffered because of their absence.  Many men went west alone during the California Gold Rush.  Others traveled west to find land and prepare a home before sending for their families.  The women left behind had to care for their families and homes...

There were generally two categories of women who faced struggles during Westward Expansion in the United States.  

Some women stayed behind while their husbands or other loved ones went west and they suffered because of their absence.  Many men went west alone during the California Gold Rush.  Others traveled west to find land and prepare a home before sending for their families.  The women left behind had to care for their families and homes on their own.  Others had to find work.  Common work that women did to supplement their incomes during that time was to take in washing or to do mending or dressmaking.  Their husbands might not be able to earn money for months when they went west.  When they did earn money, it could take time to send it back home.

Other women traveled with their husbands or family members when they went west.  Most had to travel by covered wagon.  Journeys were full of long days of travel and extreme weather conditions such as heat, snow, and rain.  The trail could get dusty, and there was little people could do to wash.  Women had to walk on foot near the wagon in their long and heavy skirts.  There was also little privacy in a covered wagon.  Women had to cook over an open fire and do washing in rivers or ponds.  There was disease along the trails, as well as other dangers like drowning and injury.  When women arrived at their destinations, they often found themselves in sparsely populated areas with little community and could therefore suffer from loneliness.  In addition, men far outnumbered women in the west.  Even if a woman moved to a larger town or city, she might not have had many opportunities to make friends.

What contrast exists between the beach and the bay?

To begin, the beach is identified as "the safe beach"; it is the beach Jerry and his mother have always visited on holiday.  It is a place that he associates with his childhood, with safety, and with her protection. 

The bay, on the other hand, is "the wild bay," and, as Jerry drew nearer to it,

he saw that spread among small promontories and inlets of rough, sharp rock, and the crisping, lapping surface showed...

To begin, the beach is identified as "the safe beach"; it is the beach Jerry and his mother have always visited on holiday.  It is a place that he associates with his childhood, with safety, and with her protection. 

The bay, on the other hand, is "the wild bay," and, as Jerry drew nearer to it,

he saw that spread among small promontories and inlets of rough, sharp rock, and the crisping, lapping surface showed stains of purple and darker blue.  Finally as he ran sliding and scraping down the last few yards, he saw an edge of white surf and the shallow, luminous movement of water over white sand, and, beyond that, a solid, heavy blue.

Many of the word choices here carry a dangerous connotation: rough, sharp, stains of purple and darker blue (which sound like bruises!), scraping, edge, and heavy.  Many sound like words we associate with weapons or the injuries caused by them.  They all seem painful and damaging.  Further "rocks lay like discoloured monsters under the surface, and [...] irregular cold currents from the deep water shocked his limbs."  The mood associated with the wild bay is therefore very ominous: there are "monsters" under the water and cold currents to "shock" Jerry.  This sounds very unpleasant.

However, when he looks back at the safe beach, he sees his mother.  "There she was, a speck of yellow under and umbrella that looked like a slice of orange peel."  Instead of the dangerous and ominous imagery and word choices associated with the wild bay, the safe beach is characterized by citrus colors, colors we might normally associate with a carefree beach vacation.  It is very much a safe place compared to the dangers of the wild bay.

Why does Kino's wife always wake before him in Chapter One of The Pearl?

Juana wakes before Kino because it is her duty to take care of the household. 

Juana is a good wife and a good mother.  She takes these responsibilities seriously.  The tribe’s division of labor is very old-fashioned.  It is Juana’s job to get breakfast ready and take care of the baby.  Thus it makes sense that she will wake before Kino. 

Juana's eyes were open too. Kino could never remember seeing them closed when...

Juana wakes before Kino because it is her duty to take care of the household. 

Juana is a good wife and a good mother.  She takes these responsibilities seriously.  The tribe’s division of labor is very old-fashioned.  It is Juana’s job to get breakfast ready and take care of the baby.  Thus it makes sense that she will wake before Kino. 

Juana's eyes were open too. Kino could never remember seeing them closed when he awakened. Her dark eyes made little reflected stars. She was looking at him as she was always looking at him when he awakened. (Ch. 1) 

Kino values this in her.  He considers her a good mother because she goes through the morning routine, quietly, day in and day out.  Kino is the man of the house, so he does not share the responsibilities with her.  He doesn’t tend to the baby or get breakfast.  That is women’s work. 

Behind him Juana's fire leaped into flame and threw spears of light through the chinks of the brush-house wall and threw a wavering square of light out the door. A late moth blustered in to find the fire. The Song of the Family came now from behind Kino. (Ch. 1) 

To Kino, these little domestic moments are an expression of love.  He loves Juana, and Juana shows her love by taking care of them.  He loves this about her.  He appreciates that he can depend on her every single day. 

Juana is a strong woman.  We see this later in her actions and words.  She is the one who treats the scorpion bite, and who leads her husband’s decisions in what to do about the pearl.  To Juana, taking care of her family means more than making breakfast.  It means looking out for them and protecting them no matter what.

What is the Bowen family structure and the Minuchin concept represented in The Prince of Tides by Pat Conroy?

The Bowen family systems theory and the Minuchin conceptual model of structural family therapy are two models that examine dysfunctional youth and dysfunctional families as units in which influence and effect travel in dyad patterns (one person to another person) and in triangulated patterns, which is a dyad that deflects anxiety and discord off onto a by-stander third person in the family group, forming a triangulation.

Minuchin realized that helping psychologically struggling youth was ineffectual...

The Bowen family systems theory and the Minuchin conceptual model of structural family therapy are two models that examine dysfunctional youth and dysfunctional families as units in which influence and effect travel in dyad patterns (one person to another person) and in triangulated patterns, which is a dyad that deflects anxiety and discord off onto a by-stander third person in the family group, forming a triangulation.

Minuchin realized that helping psychologically struggling youth was ineffectual without placing the youth within the dynamic of their family unit. As a result, he worked with the entire family, not just the youth. He also realized the extent of social and cultural influence and effect on the family unit, and that social and cultural impact played a significant role in the development of dysfunction in individual youths as well as in the entire family unit. Minuchin and his associates carried his theories to the streets by training people in dysfunctional geo-social settings to act as family counselors. One of Minuchins most significant contributions was the concept of rigid or diffuse inter-personal boundaries. Inter-personal boundaries exist on a continuum, and the degree of rigidity or diffusness governs the relationships and interactions family individuals and subgroups have with each other, the ideal being a functionally fluid balance between diffuse boundaries and rigid boundaries.

Bowen's theory provides an extensive model for the ways in which dysfunctional families defuse anxiety they are failing to cope with in productive ways. Critical to Bowen's ideas about the defusing anxiety are triangulation (pulling in a third person as the "scapegoat") and sibling birth position (eldest, middle and last child positions). Also central to Bowen's theory is the concept of differentiated self and the undifferentiated self. An undifferentiated self is unable to feel and think independently of the family system of emotional processes. A differentiated self is able to disagree with the family system while still embracing the family and being embraced by the family regardless of differences in thoughts, decisions or feelings.

Triangualtion

Why is Arthur is in conflict with Lancelot?

The main conflict that exists between Arthur and Lancelot is because Lancelot is in love with Guinevere, Arthur's wife. This is made slightly more complicated by the fact that Arthur is the King and Guinevere the Queen, so technically Arthur can mete out justice if he determines Lancelot has broken the law. But the main reason this is complicated and painful is that Arthur and Lancelot care deeply for one another. Arthur deeply respects Lancelot's skill as a knight and warrior, all the more because when they first met Lancelot bested him in battle. Lancelot blocked Arthur's right of way, and Arthur challenged him to a fight. He decided to use his magical sword Excalibur, and when the sword broke on Lancelot's shield, he realized Lancelot was fated to win, and his use of Excalibur was arrogant and unfair. He throws the broken sword into the lake, and the Lady of the Lake returns it to him. This is an epiphany for Arthur, when he realizes Lancelot's inherent good nature, and the two are bound by deep friendship.

Which, of course, makes things exceedingly difficult when Lancelot falls in love at first sight with Guinevere. He tries to resist acting upon his impulse, but Guinevere is also smitten, and the two commit adultery. Once this act is discovered by Arthur, the kingdom is in an uproar. Lancelot runs off, Guinevere enters a covent, and Arthur loses his ability to rule as king and begins to waste away. He is shamed because his wife fell in love with another man (and this recalls the circumstances of his own conception, which occurred when Igraine betrayed her own husband Gorlois with King Uther). But he is also saddened by Lancelot's betrayal. Arthur's grief divides the kingdom for years. 

But years later, when Mordred (Arthur's son by his own half-sister Morgause—conceived via deception just as Arthur was) tries to take over the kingdom and usurp the throne, Lancelot returns from his exile to help Arthur take back what belongs to him. They fight beside one another once again, and their friendship is restored one last time.

Does the play, Merchant of Venice, suggest that love and friendship can be stronger than money? Support your answer with evidence from the text.

Yes, it certainly does. The first evidence of this is when Antonio, out of love for his friend Bassanio, is prepared to provide him with the security to obtain a loan from Shylock, the money-lender. Although Bassanio already owed him money, Antonio was generous enough to provide his friend with the necessary assistance, even though he had no ready cash available. He did this to ensure that his companion could woo the wealthy heiress, Portia on the isle of Belmont.

When Bassanio seeks his help, the magnanimous Antonio responds as follows:

Thou know'st that all my fortunes are at sea;
Neither have I money nor commodity
To raise a present sum: therefore go forth;
Try what my credit can in Venice do:
That shall be rack'd, even to the uttermost,
To furnish thee to Belmont, to fair Portia.
Go, presently inquire, and so will I,
Where money is, and I no question make
To have it of my trust or for my sake.

These lines pertinently indicate Antonio's unselfish love for his desperate friend.

Later in the play, when Bassanio informs Portia of the danger that Antonio faces because he cannot repay the loan of three thousand ducats, she declares:

What, no more?
Pay him six thousand, and deface the bond;
Double six thousand, and then treble that,
Before a friend of this description
Shall lose a hair through Bassanio's fault.
First go with me to church and call me wife,
And then away to Venice to your friend;
For never shall you lie by Portia's side
With an unquiet soul. You shall have gold
To pay the petty debt twenty times over:
When it is paid, bring your true friend along.

It is evident that Portia does not care about the money and would settle the debt many times over. Even though she does not know Antonio, her love for Bassanio urges her to make this commitment, for she does not wish to see him unhappy. She calls the debt a 'petty trifle' even though the amount is quite substantial. Furthermore, she makes an effort to travel to Venice disguised as a lawyer after she has sought legal advice from an experienced lawyer, Bellario, to defend Antonio.

In contrast, the Jew Shylock is obsessed with money. He lends out money at interest and denounces his daughter, Jessica when she runs away with Lorenzo and steals some of his money and jewels in the process. He even goes as far as saying that he would preferably have back his stolen jewels and money than his daughter. She should rather be dead for all he cares. 

... would my daughter
were dead at my foot, and the jewels in her ear!
Would she were hearsed at my foot, and the ducats in
her coffin!...

Although Shylock is obsessed with material possessions, he is driven by an even greater desire - revenge. He becomes so intent on taking vengeance on Antonio that he is not prepared to even consider accepting twice the amount of the debt when it is offered to him in settlement by Bassanio. It is this malevolence that finally leads to his destruction.

In the end, it is Shylock who is punished and Antonio who is released from his obligation and set free. For all his wealth, Shylock had no one to support him whilst Antonio was surrounded by loving and caring friends who came to his defence and succeeded in rescuing him from the Jew's malice. 

How does the author of the book War Horse write the way he does?

The author of War Horse is Michael Morpurgo, a writer from the United Kingdom.  While every author develops an individual voice and ends up writing in their own unique style, Morpurgo offers a bit of insight regarding his craft on the "About" page of his official website.  According to his site, Morpurgo studied French and English when he attended university. After graduating, he became a teacher and that's when he decided he...

The author of War Horse is Michael Morpurgo, a writer from the United Kingdom.
 
While every author develops an individual voice and ends up writing in their own unique style, Morpurgo offers a bit of insight regarding his craft on the "About" page of his official website. 
 
According to his site, Morpurgo studied French and English when he attended university. After graduating, he became a teacher and that's when he decided he wanted to become a writer. Morpurgo lists "living in Devon, listening to Mozart, and working with children" as some of his primary inspirations for writing and says that he daydreams until his stories eventually "hatch" out (Morpurgo). 
 
Regarding his creative process, Morpurgo says that he spends "several months" dreaming up a story in his head before he actually begins to write. He claims that this "dreamtime" is the most important part of his creative process and when he finally starts writing, he does so very quickly. He says that he usually finishes writing a book "in two or three months" and then "might take another month" revising it (Morpurgo). 
 
That said, writing is different for everybody. It's a skill that can be learned, refined, and perfected - and there's no one "right" way to do it. It's not necessary to major in English in order to become a good writer and you don't have to be naturally "gifted" with words either. If you want to improve your writing, just practice. The more often you write, the more progression you'll see!

How does Hurston reveal Nanny's motivation for forcing Janie to marry? Is that motivation pure, malevolent, or something in between in Their Eyes...

Nanny's motivation is out of love and concern for her granddaughter. It is not entirely pure, but it is certainly not malevolent.

When she sees "Johnny Taylor lacerating Janie with a kiss," Nanny calls Janie to her and takes action. She tells Janie that she is a woman now; further, she explains to Janie that she is now old and she wants Janie married so that she will be protected from harm. She explains that...

Nanny's motivation is out of love and concern for her granddaughter. It is not entirely pure, but it is certainly not malevolent.

When she sees "Johnny Taylor lacerating Janie with a kiss," Nanny calls Janie to her and takes action. She tells Janie that she is a woman now; further, she explains to Janie that she is now old and she wants Janie married so that she will be protected from harm. She explains that she does not want Janie to go the way of her mother, who became wild and ran away. In her frustration and worry, she slaps Janie, but then she weeps with Janie. She tells Janie that she would not hurt Janie for any reason; she is just so worried that Janie will act irresponsibly upon her sexual urges. Nanny rocks with Janie in her arms, saddened that Janie has begun to mature, and worried for her safety.

"'Tain't Login Killicks Ah wants you to have, baby, it's protection. Ah ain't gittin' ole, honey....Mah daily prayer now is tuh let dese golden moments rolls a few days longer till Ah see you safe in life."

Her grandmother tells Janie both her personal history and that of her mother. Because they were both abused by men, Nanny wants to protect her granddaughter and ensure that nothing like hers and her daughter's experiences happen. Her motivation is good, but the arrangement with the older man, Logan Killicks, is not wise because, while he may be able to protect Janie, he is too old to relate well to Janie and too old for Janie to love. 

Comment on the loneliness and isolation of the migrant workers as major elements of Of Mice and Men.

The loneliness and isolation experienced by the migrant workers depicted in the text are certainly central to the themes of Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men.

Isolation based on gender, race and class can be described as being a salient element of the microcosm of American society presented in Of Mice and Men, and loneliness is the inevitable result. 

For examples of isolation, we can look at Crooks and Curley's wife in particular as...

The loneliness and isolation experienced by the migrant workers depicted in the text are certainly central to the themes of Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men.

Isolation based on gender, race and class can be described as being a salient element of the microcosm of American society presented in Of Mice and Men, and loneliness is the inevitable result. 

For examples of isolation, we can look at Crooks and Curley's wife in particular as figures isolated by categorical, demographic characteristics. Crooks is black and so is set apart, literally, from the rest of the people on the ranch. Curley's wife is denied the opportunity to develop any friendships due to her gender (and certain practical fears derived from her sexuality and attitude).

Class is another significant divisive force in the text as the ranch hands like George and Lennie are not only separated from the ownership of the ranch in a bunk house but are also separated from the other ranch hands by an ethos of mutual suspicion and self-interest. The men struggle to save any money from their wages and live in constant competition with one another. Their state of relative poverty ensures that they will remain in this state of competition, working against one another to get jobs instead of working together to build a different way of life.

That different way of life is articulated in the novel in the shared dream of land ownership discussed by Lennie and George (and then Candy and Crooks too). The men have a vision of working together in a system of partnership and cooperation. In this vision they will also retain the value of their labor, building capital for themselves—or at least being in control of their own schedules.

Thus the shared dream of land ownership highlights the current state of isolation that the men endure.

The friendship between George and Lennie functions similarly in the text, drawing a contrast between this special circumstance and the more normal situation experienced by men of their station.

George went on. “With us it ain’t like that. We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us. We don’t have to sit in no bar room blown’ in our jack jus’ because we got no place else to go. If them other guys gets in jail they can rot for all anybody give a damn. But not us.”

The emphasis here is on how friendship is outside of the norm. The bond shared by George and Lennie is far from standard and instead serves to illuminate the isolation that is so common among migrant workers in this era of American life.

What are the similarities between the subplot and mainplot in the "King Lear"?

Both the subplot and the main plot are intended to illustrate Shakespeare's thesis that each generation blindly creates the generation which will take over all its possessions and leave it to die. Lear has daughters and Gloucester has sons. This is intended to show that the playwright is dealing with a universal truth and not with a specific instance. When Lear is living out in the open country scrabbling for whatever food he can find to eat, including a mouse, he rails on the folly of copulation, which seems so pleasant when it happens but leads to such sorry consequences.

Behold yond simpering dame,
Whose face between her forks presages snow;
That minces virtue, and does shake the head
To hear of pleasure's name;
The fitchew, nor the soiled horse, goes to 't
With a more riotous appetite.
Down from the waist they are Centaurs,
Though women all above:
But to the girdle do the gods inherit,
Beneath is all the fiends';
There's hell, there's darkness, there's the sulphurous pit,
Burning, scalding, stench, consumption; fie, fie, fie! pah,
pah!

Lear sees how he has brought about his own destruction through his sexual appetite. Gloucester's case is worse. Lear at least conceived his hateful daughters "between lawful sheets," but Gloucester conceived Edmund through adultery and even brags about it to Kent in the opening scene because it shows what a lusty fellow he is. Edmund ends up with his father's property and title, while Gloucester ends up homeless and blind. Both old men are cold, filthy, and starving. Lear is eating mice! Gloucester is so disillusioned and embittered that he only wants to die. All of this is only symbolic of how one generation creates the generation which will supplant it and show no love or gratitude. It doesn't make sense for people to create people who are going to "tread them down," as Keats expresses it in "Ode to a Nightingale." But every generation does it. We are manipulated by programming of which we are unconscious.

Shakespeare expresses a very similar idea in his play Measure for Measure. Duke Vincentio disguised as a friar is visiting Claudio in his cell and gives him perhaps the most pessimistic assessment of human life to be found anywhere in Shakespeare, including the following:

Friend hast thou none;
For thine own bowels, which do call thee sire,
The mere effusion of thy proper loins,
Do curse the gout, serpigo, and the rheum,
For ending thee no sooner.    (3.1)

Shakespeare needed a subplot to keep the dramatic and visual action going. Lear is absent throughout much of the middle part of the play. He refuses to accept his daughters' terms and goes out into the open country where he wanders aimlessly about. The subplot in which Edmund betrays both his brother and his father takes over as the space in which exciting things are happening. Without the subplot there would be a sort of huge hole in the middle of the play. Lear won't submit to his daughters and they won't relent. That is a dead end. Lear living like an animal has reached the critical point that Gloucester has yet to come to. Then when they meet by chance in an open field they are both destitute and disillusioned old men getting ready to die. 

Only the man who attains old age acquires a complete and consistent mental picture of life; for he views it in its entirety and its natural course, yet in particular he sees it not merely from the point of entry, as do others, but also from that of departure. In this way, he fully perceives especially its utter vanity, whereas others are still always involved in the erroneous idea that everything may come right in the end.        --Schopenhauer

What are some quotes about family from The Outsiders?

Pony comments that his gang members are like family.  This is because they are all very close since they have to depend on each other for everything.  Pony goes to the movie by himself, and feels nervous because the Socs often jump greasers who walk alone.

Or I could have gotten one of the gang to come along, one of the four boys Darry and Soda and I have grown up with and consider family. We're almost as close as brothers; when you grow up in a tight-knit neighborhood like ours you get to know each other real well. (Ch. 1)

The gang is not just a loose group, and not just a bunch of trouble makers.  They are exceptionally supportive of one another, and will come to the aid of any gang member.  Pony and the other greasers often do not go anywhere alone.

Pony also explains that his own family is different because his parents died in a car accident, leaving his brother Darry to take care of his two younger brothers.

Sodapop... a dropout so he could get a job and keep me in school, and Darry, getting old before his time trying to run a family and hold on to two jobs and never having any fun... (Ch. 3)

Darry had to become a father to his brothers, and Soda dropped out of school.  Pony felt the weight of Darry’s expectations.  It often seemed like Darry was too strict and overbearing.  He wanted so badly to keep Soda and Pony out of trouble that he went overboard with Pony.  The death of Pony's parents also means that he and his brothers rely more on the gang.

The significance of the greaser gang being family is obvious when Johnny is in the hospital dying.  Johnny’s doctor wants to limit his visitors.

The nurses wouldn't tell us anything about Johnny and Dally, so Darry got hold of the doctor. The doctor told us that he would talk only to the family, but Darry finally got it through the guy's head that we were about as much family as Dally and Johnny had. (Ch. 7)

The doctor realized that the greasers were Pony’s family and allowed them to visit with him anyway.  After all, he was dying.  He didn’t even want to see his own mother.  The gang meant more to him than his real family, which was abusive and distant.

Families come in all shapes and sizes.  It takes more than a mother, father, and kids to be a family.  Family is people who care about you and look out for you.  Pony's gang of greasers served that purpose.

In Whirligig by Paul Fleischman, how does Flaco get his name?

In the chapter Miami, Florida, Flaco relates to us his life story. Because of the civil unrest and violence in Puerto Rico, Flaco and his family had taken a plane to Miami when Flaco was eleven years old.

Flaco tells of the difficulties he encountered at school in Miami. Because he spoke no English, he was soon put in a school for 'retarded children.' Flaco had not enjoyed going to school and he remembers having...

In the chapter Miami, Florida, Flaco relates to us his life story. Because of the civil unrest and violence in Puerto Rico, Flaco and his family had taken a plane to Miami when Flaco was eleven years old.

Flaco tells of the difficulties he encountered at school in Miami. Because he spoke no English, he was soon put in a school for 'retarded children.' Flaco had not enjoyed going to school and he remembers having numerous arguments with his father about the subject of schooling. Flaco's father had felt that going to school would allow Flaco to have a better life in America. However, Flaco had not agreed. At the age of fourteen, he had found work at a restaurant where he was soon given the name, Flaco, which means 'skinny' or 'thin.' Flaco remembers that, after he gave his father his first paycheck to help pay the family's rent, all pretense about schooling had gone out the window.

According to Flaco, he had enjoyed working at this first restaurant. The waitresses had all called him Flaco and had showered him with food; Flaco had felt that he was part of a community, and he continued working for the restaurant for four years until it closed.

Assess the role played by the Protestant Reformation in the development of European civilization.

The Reformation transformed European civilization in many ways. The first, and most obvious, was religion. Western Christianity until the Reformation, had been dominated by the Roman Catholic Church. This not only meant a general lack of religious liberty, but also that the Papacy had enormous political power and influence, as well as great wealth. Part of Henry VIII's motivation in starting the English Reformation was not just his personal and dynastic troubles, but also to...

The Reformation transformed European civilization in many ways. The first, and most obvious, was religion. Western Christianity until the Reformation, had been dominated by the Roman Catholic Church. This not only meant a general lack of religious liberty, but also that the Papacy had enormous political power and influence, as well as great wealth. Part of Henry VIII's motivation in starting the English Reformation was not just his personal and dynastic troubles, but also to assert English control over the vast lands and wealth owned by the Church and the monasteries.

Another major effect of the Reformation was the rise of vernacular literacy. Unlike the Roman Catholic church, for which the official Bible was a Latin translation, read mostly by the clergy, the Protestant churches, due to their sola scriptura doctrine, promoted reading the Bible in vernacular translations, an emphasis that contributed significantly to the rise of literacy among all economic classes. 

Finally, the religious liberty that ensued from the Reformation allowed the flourishing of science and philosophy, freed from the doctrinal limits of Thomistic doctrine.

What situation does Sidi find herself in at the end of the play?

Sidi is faced with the decision to choose between marrying Lakunle or Baroka at the end the play.Initially, Sidi does not marry Lakunle because he refuses to pay the bride-price, claiming that it is a savage custom. Sidi values traditional African customs and receiving a payment as a bride-price is very important to her. She also denies Baroka's attempt to marry her, claiming that he is too old. Sidi's decision to initially deny the...

Sidi is faced with the decision to choose between marrying Lakunle or Baroka at the end the play. Initially, Sidi does not marry Lakunle because he refuses to pay the bride-price, claiming that it is a savage custom. Sidi values traditional African customs and receiving a payment as a bride-price is very important to her. She also denies Baroka's attempt to marry her, claiming that he is too old. Sidi's decision to initially deny the Bale marriage because of his age is considered a modern view of marriage. This is one example of conflict between tradition and modernity that Soyinka depicts throughout the play. At the end of the play, Sidi loses her virginity to Baroka, which means that she has to either marry the Bale, or marry Lakunle and not accept payment for her bride-price because she is no longer a maid. According to Yuroba tradition, if a woman is not a virgin, the groom does not have to pay the bride-price. Sidi makes the decision to marry Baroka instead of receiving no payment and marrying Lakunle.

How did popular views of property rights prevent slaves from enjoying all the freedom of the social contract?

Before the end of the Civil War and the establishment of the 13th-15th Amendments to the Constitution, African-Americans were viewed as property. For this reason, they were not afforded the civil liberties that all Americans enjoyed under the Bill of Rights. Since they were not considered citizens, or persons for that matter, slaves did not have legal rights. This is especially true of slaves in the late 17th and 18th Centuries when slave codes were...

Before the end of the Civil War and the establishment of the 13th-15th Amendments to the Constitution, African-Americans were viewed as property. For this reason, they were not afforded the civil liberties that all Americans enjoyed under the Bill of Rights. Since they were not considered citizens, or persons for that matter, slaves did not have legal rights. This is especially true of slaves in the late 17th and 18th Centuries when slave codes were more firmly established.

When you speak of a social contract, you are essentially discussing how you give permission to take away certain freedoms so that the government may protect important natural rights. In other words, while you forfeit your freedom to harm another person, or take his property, in return you are granted safety and security for the government. No such protections existed for slaves in the United States. Slaves could not own guns for protection and could not sue their masters in court for damages. Slaves were not even granted the freedom to move from place to place or legally marry. Because slaves were viewed as property, like a horse or mule, they were not participants in the social contract.

Which of the following is a dependent, controlled or independent variable? metal, vinegar, plastic bowls and spoons, time, and...

The question does not specify what the various ingredients are used for and it would be difficult to answer without that information. I am assuming you are trying to generate the patina on steel or iron by using vinegar and hydrogen peroxide. This method can be used to produce a tarnished look or antique look on objects. In this process, we first etch the surface with vinegar and then apply hydrogen peroxide (And some sale)...

The question does not specify what the various ingredients are used for and it would be difficult to answer without that information. I am assuming you are trying to generate the patina on steel or iron by using vinegar and hydrogen peroxide. This method can be used to produce a tarnished look or antique look on objects. In this process, we first etch the surface with vinegar and then apply hydrogen peroxide (And some sale) to obtain the desired tarnished look. 

Let us understand what different types of variables are. The variables that are varied are the independent variables and we study their effect on dependent variables. Controlled variables do not change during the experiment. In this case, we can vary the amounts of hydrogen peroxide, vinegar and time and study their effects on metal surface or metal itself. The plastic bowls and spoons are only used for adding the liquids and placing metal in. Based on our definition, here is the classification of variables:

Controlled variables: plastic bowls and spoons

Dependent variables: metal (or metal surface, to be more precise)

Independent variables: vinegar, hydrogen peroxide and time

Hope this helps. 

What are the roles played in politics in the Middle Ages?

Society in the Middle Ages was organized into three roles or "Orders:" the bellatores, laboratores, and oratores.Or, those who fight, those who pray, and those who work. The nobility made up the class of bellatores, or fighters. The laboratores class was made up of the peasantry or commoners who worked the land owned by the nobility. The clergy, or religious community, were the oratores, whose duty it was to pray on behalf of the...

Society in the Middle Ages was organized into three roles or "Orders:" the bellatores, laboratores, and oratores. Or, those who fight, those who pray, and those who work. The nobility made up the class of bellatores, or fighters. The laboratores class was made up of the peasantry or commoners who worked the land owned by the nobility. The clergy, or religious community, were the oratores, whose duty it was to pray on behalf of the community to maintain peace with God.

As I mentioned before, there was a relationship between the nobility and peasantry, which we call the feudal system. In a kingdom, the land might be divided up among the knights or friends of the king who constitute the nobility. In return for the land, nobles were obligated to provide military service. The land held by nobles was further divided up among his vassals, often lesser nobles in society. Here, too, military service was the "payment" for the land. These lower-ranking nobles then had a relationship with the peasantry, who lived on and worked the land. 

The oratores, or clergy, existed somewhat outside of the feudal relationship. Clergymen and women might come from either nobility or peasantry, and sometimes served to negotiate the relationship between the two. Peasants did not have much say in political matters as they did not own land or control their means of production. Political decisions were primarily made by the land-holding nobility, as long as these decisions did not go against the laws or wishes of the King.

How and why did Ponyboy's opinion of Socs change during The Outsiders?

Pony's opinion of Socs is pretty negative at first, but as he gets to know some of them he realizes everyone has problems and not all Socs are bad.

At first, Ponyboy is afraid and envious of Socs. He thinks they are rich kids who have all the breaks. He feels the Socs target greasers because that is just the way it is, and maybe because they are bored. The greasers are the outsiders.

We're...

Pony's opinion of Socs is pretty negative at first, but as he gets to know some of them he realizes everyone has problems and not all Socs are bad.

At first, Ponyboy is afraid and envious of Socs. He thinks they are rich kids who have all the breaks. He feels the Socs target greasers because that is just the way it is, and maybe because they are bored. The greasers are the outsiders.

We're poorer than the Socs and the middle class. I reckon we're wilder, too. Not like the Socs, who jump greasers and wreck houses and throw beer blasts for kicks, and get editorials in the paper for being a public disgrace one day and an asset to society the next (Chapter 1).

The night at the movies is the first time Pony gets another window into the Socs’ lives. He meets two Soc girls named Cherry and Marcia. Cherry seems particularly interested in Pony. She tells him she will not become his friend at school, but she likes that he is deep. She realizes she can tell him things and he will understand. 

Cherry no longer looked sick, only sad. "I'll bet you think the Socs have it made. The rich kids, the West-side Socs. I'll tell you something, Ponyboy, and it may come as a surprise. We have troubles you've never even heard of. You want to know something?" She looked me straight in the eye. "Things are rough all over" (Chapter 2).

People seem to tell Pony their troubles because they feel like Pony will understand. After Johnny kills Bob, Randy also seeks out Pony. He should be Pony’s enemy because he is a Soc and was Bob’s friend, and Pony was with Johnny when he killed Bob. Instead, Randy tells Pony he is tired of fighting and won’t do it anymore. Pony tells Two-Bit, "He ain't a Soc. . . he's just a guy” (Chapter 7). 

Over the course of the novel, Pony learns that people are people. Greasers and Socs have more in common than he realized. He also realizes that, while he identifies as a greaser and his gang is important to him, he is different. It is not the lifestyle he wants.

if f(x) = 7/x+5 and g(x) = 1/x what is (fog)(x)

This question is what we called composite functions in Mathematics. A composite function is defined as applying one function to the results of another. If we say the result of f() is sent through g(), we can express mathematically as follows: 

`(g@ f)(x)`

Which translates as the following: 

`g(f(x))`

And vice versa, like in our example, we say the result of g() is send through f():

`(f @ g)(x)`

which translates as: 

`f (g(x))`

PLEASE...

This question is what we called composite functions in Mathematics. A composite function is defined as applying one function to the results of another. If we say the result of f() is sent through g(), we can express mathematically as follows: 

`(g@ f)(x)`

Which translates as the following: 

`g(f(x))`

And vice versa, like in our example, we say the result of g() is send through f():

`(f @ g)(x)`

which translates as: 

`f (g(x))`

PLEASE NOTE: `(g @ f(x))`   is NOT equal to `(g @ f) ` 

Now let's answer our question:

`f(x) = 7/(x+5)`

`g(x) =1/x`

Now write what we solving for as shown above: 

`(f@g) (x) = f(g(x))`

Now where ever you see x substitute g(x):

`f(g(x)) = 7/ (g(x) +5)`

We know the value of g(x), now we substitute it 

`f(g(x)) = 7/((1/x) + 5)` 

We can simplify this to get rid of the fraction in the denominator.  Multiply 5 by x/x to get a common denominator and then add them together.

`f(g(x)) = 7/((1/(x)) + ((5x)/x))`

`f(g(x)) = 7/((1 + 5x)/x)`

We can simplify this more by multiplying the numerator and the denominator by x.  This will get rid of the fraction in the denominator.

`f(g(x)) = 7/((5x + 1)/x) * x/x = (7x)/(5x + 1)`

SUMMARY: 

• Convert `(f@g) ` into `f (g(x))`

 

• ANSWER: 


• 
  `(f@g) = (7x)/(5x + 1)`  

I need to know which obstacles John Adams faced as President for an essay due by March 18, 2016.

John Adams faced several obstacles while he was President. One of the obstacles he faced was dealing with France. France was seizing our ships, and when President Adams sent representatives to France to discuss this issue, the French refused to meet with our representatives for several weeks. When they did indicate they were willing to meet, the French insisted that we pay them a bribe in order to talk. Americans were outraged and wanted us...

John Adams faced several obstacles while he was President. One of the obstacles he faced was dealing with France. France was seizing our ships, and when President Adams sent representatives to France to discuss this issue, the French refused to meet with our representatives for several weeks. When they did indicate they were willing to meet, the French insisted that we pay them a bribe in order to talk. Americans were outraged and wanted us to go to war against France. President Adams knew this wasn’t good for the United States, and he instead worked out an agreement when both countries agreed not to seize each other’s ships. This move, while good for the country, hurt President Adams politically.

Another obstacle President Adams faced was that there was a political party opposing him. While President Washington didn’t really have to deal with political parties, there were two political parties in the election of 1796. John Adams was a Federalist. The other party was the Democratic-Republican Party. The Democratic-Republicans were criticizing the Federalists. Thus, the Federalists passed two laws that tried to silence the Democratic-Republicans. The Sedition Act made any false or critical speech about the government illegal. The Alien Act increased the length of time it took for an immigrant to become a citizen. Since immigrants seemed to be more supportive of Democratic-Republican Party, this law would hurt them because it would take longer for immigrants to become citizens and to be able to vote. Virginia and Kentucky declared these laws illegal. However, before these laws could be tested in court, the laws were ended after the election of 1800 that was won by the Democratic-Republicans.

While John Adams was President, he faced several obstacles. Both of these obstacles were factors in his defeat in the election of 1800 when he tried to get reelected as President.

Why was Reuben Smith disengaged from work and then reappointed in Anna Sewell's Black Beauty?

At the beginning of Part 2, Chapter 25 of Anna Sewell's Black Beauty, the title character, who is the narrator and protagonist, explains the story of Reuben Smith.Reuben Smith was a groom at Earlshall. Black Beauty describes him as being an excellent groom; he was kind, gentle, and even as knowledgeable in horse care as a veterinarian. Yet, Smith also had a problem with alcoholism. Black Beauty explains that he wasn't...

At the beginning of Part 2, Chapter 25 of Anna Sewell's Black Beauty, the title character, who is the narrator and protagonist, explains the story of Reuben Smith.

Reuben Smith was a groom at Earlshall. Black Beauty describes him as being an excellent groom; he was kind, gentle, and even as knowledgeable in horse care as a veterinarian. Yet, Smith also had a problem with alcoholism. Black Beauty explains that he wasn't constantly a drunkard like most alcoholics, but instead, after weeks or months of soberness, he would "have a 'bout' of it ... and be a disgrace to himself, a terror to his wife, and a nuisance to all that had to do with him." It was while he was drunk that he became hazardous to the horses. Since he was such a good groom and his drunken bouts happened relatively infrequently, York, the head coachman, was willing to keep him on and keep his ailment a secret from the earl. However, one night Smith was so drunk he was unable to drive a group of ladies and gentlemen home from a party, and a "gentleman of the party had to mount the box and drive the ladies home" himself. York was unable to keep this particularly unfortunate incident a secret from the earl, and the earl promptly fired Smith.

However, Black Beauty further explains that just before he and Ginger were sold to the earl, Smith was forgiven and hired again. The earl was a "very kind-hearted" person, and York, still convinced of Smith's general goodness of character and of his excellent abilities as a groom, was able to convince the earl to forgive Smith and rehire him, so long as Smith promised "he would never taste another drop" (Ch. 25).

However, sadly, when York leaves for London and is replaced by Smith, Smith missteps and again gets drunk. This time, his drunken bout causes an accident that leads to the death of himself and the ruination of Black Beauty's knees.

Why had Asher been punished for confusing the words "snack" and "smack" in the Giver?

Great question!

This anecdote takes place in chapter 7, during the all-important Ceremony of 12, when the 12-year-olds in the community receive their job assignments.

So far in the book we have learned that this society is like ours in many ways, but in other ways it's...different. Little by little Lowry adds in little tid-bits that reveal more and more important aspects of this dystopian society, and we should be getting more and more concerned.

...

Great question!

This anecdote takes place in chapter 7, during the all-important Ceremony of 12, when the 12-year-olds in the community receive their job assignments.

So far in the book we have learned that this society is like ours in many ways, but in other ways it's...different. Little by little Lowry adds in little tid-bits that reveal more and more important aspects of this dystopian society, and we should be getting more and more concerned.

The Chief Elder, the head of the community, gives a speech at this important event. Like many leaders in our world, she decides to sprinkle in a few funny stories. One of these is the story about how Asher used to confuse "snack" and "smack."

I think you'll agree, it's always funny when little kids mix up words, but that's not why Lowry has the Chief Elder share the story. First of all, we learn that kids are smacked with a wand when they mess up. Hopefully that's not like your school! So we learn that in this society it is very common for children to receive corporal punishment.

But the story even goes a step further! Little Asher would get smacked for messing up the word. He was just a kid! Can you imaging a kid being hit for getting a word wrong? Although the context of the story is supposed to be funny, you the reader should be off-put by it. The audience at the ceremony is laughing, but we shouldn't be. What kind of society is this? Why is hitting children something that's laughed at? If you've read on, you know that this is just the tip of the iceberg, but it's one of the many little warnings in the earlier part of the book that let us know that something is very wrong.

How can I write a word-level analysis of this soliloquy from Othello? "When devils will the blackest sins put on They do suggest at first with...

First some context: The entire monologue, beginning with “And what's he then that says I play the villain?” and concluding with “… That shall enmesh them all,” is said by Iago, Othello’s villain. He is describing how he will destroy Othello by using Othello’s wife Desdemona against him. The first part of the speech argues that he is helping the disgraced Cassio by advising him to ask for Desdemona’s help. The second part reveals...

First some context: The entire monologue, beginning with “And what's he then that says I play the villain?” and concluding with “… That shall enmesh them all,” is said by Iago, Othello’s villain. He is describing how he will destroy Othello by using Othello’s wife Desdemona against him. The first part of the speech argues that he is helping the disgraced Cassio by advising him to ask for Desdemona’s help. The second part reveals that this is part of a plot to make Othello jealous of Cassio.

Iago says, “When devils will the blackest sins put on, / They do suggest at first with heavenly shows.” Here Iago is comparing his actions, which are seemingly benevolent, with the wicked suggestions of devils, who are clearly evil. These offenses are not merely bad or sinful; they are “the blackest sins,” the very worst crimes. Iago contrasts this with the “heavenly shows” these devils put on when they suggest evil to unwitting victims. Both Iago and these devils mask their evil intentions with an appearance of goodness.

Later on, Iago says he will turn Desdemona’s “virtue into pitch,” once again contrasting something good (virtue) with something bad (pitch, a dark and sticky substance). These contrasts between good and evil, light and dark, and heavenly and demonic are key to understanding the soliloquy.

What motivation does the mother have for allowing MeiMei to get out of doing chores in "Rules of the Game"? Is the mother justified by making...

Waverly gets out of her chores because she is practicing for chess tournaments and her mother takes a lot of pride in her success.

There’s a difference between feeling pride and showing it.  Waverly (called Meimei, meaning little sister) says that it is against the Chinese culture to be proud, but her mother likes to show off her chess ability.  Their status in the community is greatly increased by Waverly’s amazing chess success.

Waverly and her brothers got a used chess set from a charity for Christmas, and it fascinated Waverly.  She practices and plays harder and harder opponents, eventually entering in tournaments.  She becomes quite the neighborhood celebrity.

I attended more tournaments, each one farther away from home. I won all games, in all divisions. The Chinese bakery downstairs from our flat displayed my growing collection of trophies in its window, amidst the dustcovered cakes that were never picked up.

As Waverly gets better and better at chess, her mother begins to let her focus on it.  When local businesses start sponsoring her in national tournaments, Waverly’s mother decides that her brothers should do her chores for her so she can concentrate on chess.  Her brothers are not happy with this new arrangement.

"Why does she get to play and we do all the work," complained Vincent.

"Is new American rules," said my mother. "Meimei play, squeeze all her brains out for win chess. You play, worth squeeze towel."

Waverly’s mother is impressed with her dedication and achievements, but always pushes her.  No matter what Waverly does, it is never enough.  Her mother wants more and more.  She believes that you get soft if you don’t keep pushing yourself.

Waverly eventually gets sick of her mother’s attention and yells at her for showing her off all of the time.  This opens a great schism between her and her mother that is very difficult to close.  In her own way, her mother was doing what she thought was right, and was trying to show her daughter support.

There probably is not that much value to focusing on chess instead of chores, unless the chores take up a lot of time.  In making Waverly’s brothers do her chores, her mother might have inspired resentment.  However, this was also a way to reinforce the value of hard work.  It sent a message to Waverly’s brothers that you get special considerations when you are the best at something.

Did Joyce Emily mean to join the wrong side in the Spanish Civil War in The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie?

I will argue that Joyce Emily did not accidentally join Franco's forces, but did so in accordance with Jean Brodie's wishes.

Joyce Emily Hammond desperately wants to become associated with the "Brodie set" as she has been shuffled between schools for quite some time before landing at Marcia Blane. Brodie and her mentees are viewed by the administration of the school largely as outsiders. This is evidenced by the fact that Brodie is encouraged to...

I will argue that Joyce Emily did not accidentally join Franco's forces, but did so in accordance with Jean Brodie's wishes.

Joyce Emily Hammond desperately wants to become associated with the "Brodie set" as she has been shuffled between schools for quite some time before landing at Marcia Blane. Brodie and her mentees are viewed by the administration of the school largely as outsiders. This is evidenced by the fact that Brodie is encouraged to find a more progressive school on numerous occasions and the faculty attempts to separate or limit Brodie's influence on the girls. As an outsider attempting to find a place of belonging, Joyce Emily would view Brodie's tutelage as advantageous. 

Throughout the novel, Jean Brodie has a number of glowing things to say about fascist leaders coming into power in her time. When her primary set of girls has grown a little older and have less time for Brodie, she takes on Joyce Emily. The problematic part of Brodie's worldview becomes clear when Sparks writes, "Everyone, including Joyce Emily, was anti-Franco if they were anything at all" (126). So why does she die on a train that she shouldn't have been on if she was going to fight Franco?

I think it can be inferred that Joyce Emily's switching sides is a testament to the force of her pro-fascist rhetoric. Jean Brodie is ultimately a problematic character as she irresponsibly indoctrinates susceptible young girls with fascist theory. Joyce Emily's death is the product of Brodie's ideas mixing with the younger girl's willingness to practice them. The result is tragic and ultimately contributes to Brodie's downfall. 

A phenotype is the result of a particular genotype. Discuss how the genotype affects the phenotype by referring to proteins. The disease of...

There are several questions within your question. In order to make sure that all aspects of the question were answered, I broke the question into several segments and answered each part

     A. Genotype vs. phenotype

Genotypes are the allele combinations that an individual has for a particular trait or characteristic. A phenotype is the physical characteristic that results from the genotype that the individual has. Achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant pattern that is caused by a mutation of the FGFR3 gene. It is a form of short-limbed dwarfism.

In order to understand the above explanation an individual needs a clear understanding of some key terms within the answer. These are provided below.

• 
  Genes are segments of DNA. DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid. DNA is made of smaller building blocks called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. There are four kinds of nitrogen bases in DNA. DNA’s nitrogen bases are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. The order of the nucleotides determines the gene that an individual will have.


• 
  Alleles are variations of genes. In basic genetics, individuals receive on allele from each parent for each trait. Thus, most human characteristics are a result of two alleles.  Alleles can be dominant or recessive. Dominant genes are the “stronger” variety of the gene, while recessive alleles are considered to be “weaker”. Dominant alleles are represented with a capital letter. Recessive alleles are represented with lowercase letters.


• 
  Genotypes refer to the allele combinations that an individual contains.


• 
  Phenotypes are the physical characteristics represented by genotypes.


• Genotypes can be homozygous dominant, heterozygous, or homozygous recessive. If homozygous dominant, an individual has a genotype with two dominant alleles and will show the dominant phenotype. If heterozygous, an individual has one dominant and one recessive allele. Because a dominant allele is present, the individual will show the dominant phenotype. Homozygous recessive genotypes contain two recessive alleles. This is the only way that an individual can manifest the recessive phenotype when dealing with basic genetics.

Thus, an individual can have a genotype that is either homozygous dominant or heterozygous in order to display the achondroplasia phenotype.

        B. How does genotype affect phenotype in regards to proteins?

The genetic code (genotype) that lies within the DNA of an organism determines that proteins that are produced. The central dogma of biology states that DNA contains the key for RNA, which then codes for proteins.

Transcription and translation are the two phases of protein synthesis.

During transcription, the two strands of DNA unwind. One of the strands serves as a template for make an mRNA strand. Each set of three nucleotides on an mRNA is called a codon. These codons will be important in the second phase of protein synthesis called translation.

After the mRNA that is created during transcription, it migrates to the cytoplasm via a nuclear pore. 

During translation, mRNA, ribosomes, rRNA, tRAN, and amino acids work together to make the protein strand.

Once in the cytoplasm, the mRNA and ribosomes attach. The ribosomes serve as scaffolds that match the codons on mRNA’s to the anticodons on the tRNA’s. Anticodons are sets of three nucleotides on the base of a tRNA that are complementary to mRNA codons. On the top if tRNA are amino acids.

As the ribosome moves down the mRAN during translation, additional tRNA anticodons are matched with the complementary mRNA codons. In this way, amino acids that form a protein are arranged in the correct order.  When two amino acids are adjacent to one another, a peptide bond forms. The polypeptide chain continues to grow until a stop codon is reached.

       C. In terms of achondroplasia, provide a comparison of affected vs. unaffected persons.

As stated above, achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant pattern that is caused by a mutation of the FGFR3 gene. It is a form of short-limbed dwarfism. Being dominant, only one allele is required in order for the phenotype to be expressed. Thus, an individual can have a genotype that is either homozygous dominant or heterozygous in order to display the achondroplasia phenotype.

Individuals with achondroplasia have difficulty converting cartilage to bone. Thus, in comparison to individuals without the condition, people with achondroplasia display a short stature. Achondroplasia is also associated with a limited range of motion at the elbows, an enlarged head, and a prominent forehead.  People with achondroplasia may also suffer from apnea, obesity, and spinal stenosis.